Introduction
Intraosseous defects are sequelae of periodontitis and, if left untreated, may significantly affect the long-term success of the defect in teeth.1 The most conventional surgical approach to treating intrabony defects uses a marginal detachment.2 Periodontal surgery results in pocket probing depth reduction and elimination of osseous defects and may also be associated with considerable loss of papilla, postoperative pain, hypersensitivity, and delayed healing.3, 4, 5
Cortellini et al. proposed a technique to minimize surgical trauma and postsurgical complications.6 A minimally invasive procedure, termed the Non-Incised Papillae Surgical Approach (NIPSA), was designed to maintain the integrity of the interdental soft tissues covering intrabony defects and improves treatment outcomes.7
The basic principle of the technique is the placement of only one buccal horizontal incision in the mucosa, as apically as possible from the periodontal defect and the marginal tissues, and the raising of a mucoperiosteal flap coronally, which allows apical access to the defect but leaves the marginal tissues intact. This technique prevents biomaterial exposure.8
Bone grafting is a procedure to increase bone formation. An organic bovine bone is a xenograft that has a chemical composition similar to human bone and is considered an osteocompatible grafting material that acts as a bone-promoting substance.9
Hence, this case report presents the effectiveness of an intrabony defect treated with the NIPSA technique using a bone graft.
Case Report
A 47-year-old male patient reported a chief complaint of pain and food lodgment in his lower left back region of the jaw with a diagnosis of stage III grade B periodontitis. On clinical examination : PPD: 8mm on the distal aspect of 35 with Grade I mobility. Radiographic assessment confirmed vertical bone loss extending to the apical 1/3rd of the root.
It was decided to use a non-incised papillae surgical approach to treat intrabony defects. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient. All procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Surgical procedure
A pre-surgical prophylaxis was performed 1-2 weeks prior to the surgical procedure with an ultrasonic scaler (Figure 1 A,B). The surgical procedure was performed under local anesthesia (1:80,000) by using a 15-no. blade. On the buccal aspect, only one apical horizontal or oblique incision is made in the alveolar mucosa, as far as possible from the interdental papillae and marginal keratinized tissues (Figure 2).
Horizontal incisions are always present on the cortical bone, preserving the supra-bony soft tissue to protect periodontal defects. Mesio-distally, the incision was extended enough to allow correct access to the defect and for proper debridement through a minimal incision. The soft tissue was reflected apico-coronally by a full-thickness flap to expose the bone crest, delimiting the intrabony component of the defect (vertical component).
The granulation tissue attached to the base of the papillae is removed by curettes, and care was taken to preserve the marginal tissue (Figure 3) after thorough debridement. The intrabony defect is filled with bonegraft (Osseograft® Advanced Biotech products) (Figure 4).
Flap is repositioned by a 4-0 silk suture, and horizontal mattress sutures, placed 3 mm away from the borders, were used as the first line of closure, promoting connective tissue contact between both edges of the incision, and single interrupted sutures were then placed as a second line of closure (Figure 5). A surgical dressing was placed using a Coe pack.
Post-operative antibiotics and analgesics are given. Patients were instructed to use chlorhexidine. (0.2%) rinses twice a day.
The sutures were removed after 7 days. Afterwards, patients were instructed to brush with a soft tooth brush and a roll technique. Patients were recalled for controls (prophylaxis as needed and oral hygiene reinforcement) at 1-week intervals during the first postoperative month.
Outcome
Primary wound healing of the incision and excellent state of the interdental papillae and marginal tissue were observed 1 week after surgery (Figure 6). The patient reported no pain or discomfort. The patient continued to be enrolled in periodontal maintenance. Radiographic examination after 6 months of surgery showed new bone formation and a gain in clinical attachment (Figure 7).
Discussion
The aim of periodontal regeneration is the complete resolution of intrabony defects with maximum CAL gain and no alteration of the marginal soft tissues.10, 11 Conventional flap surgery causes soft tissue shrinkage. To overcome some of the limitations, several papilla preservation techniques have evolved.
The concept of minimally invasive techniques in association with biomaterials (Cortellini; Tonetti, 2007; Mormann; Ciancio, 1977) reported a mean CAL gain of 4.8 mm and a mean PD reduction of 5.2 mm. 12 Moreno Rodriguez et al. (2017) proposed a minimally invasive technique (NIPSA) that represents a new surgical approach for the management of soft tissues in periodontal surgery that maintains the papillae and marginal tissues intact.13
The flap design is an important parameter in any surgical procedure for the stabilization of clots and the revascularization of wound healing.14 A distinctive horizontal incision is positioned apically close to the mucogingival junction, followed by the elevation of a mucoperiosteal flap on the buccal side, preserving the integrity of the lingual soft tissue.
This access to the intrabony defect offers clinical and technical advantages. The flap can be easily stabilized to the attached marginal tissues, thus optimizing wound closure by primary intention.15 During the elevation of a mucoperiosteal flap and placing a sulcular incision, the connection of the gingivo-periosteal plexus with the periodontal vascularity is hampered 16. In this study, non-incised gingival tissue shows continuity with gingival vessels and the periodontal ligament. 17
In the present case, an intrabony defect is treated with xenograft Osseograft® (DMDB-XENOGRAFT, Advanced Biotech products). It contains Type-1 collagen, which is regarded as an osteocompatible grafting material that may serve the purpose of space provision or possibly as a bone-promoting substance. 18
Conclusion
This case report offers a viable alternative for managing intrabony defects, providing effective treatment outcomes with minimal surgical trauma and enhanced patient satisfaction. Further research and long-term follow-up studies are needed to validate the efficacy and durability of this approach in periodontal therapy.
Article DOI
